Shafi , S and Azhar, E and Al-Abri, S and Sharma , A and Merali , N and Al-Tawfiq JA, JA and El-Kafrawy SA, SA and Zumla, A and Shan Lee, S (2022) Infectious diseases threats at the Arba'een - a neglected but one of the largest annually recurring mass gathering religious events. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2022 Sep 12;S1201-9712(22)00509-4., 123. pp. 210-211. ISSN 2022 Oct;123:210-211.

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Abstract

Mass gathering religious, sporting and festival events are known to pose major public health challenges worldwide (Shafi et al., 2016; Al Rabeeah et al., 2012; Blumberg et al., 2016; Memish et al., 2019). Recent focus of these challenges has been on the importation, transmission, and globalisation of a range of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases threats including Monkeypox, COVID-19, Influenza and antibiotic resistance (Aggrawal et al., 2020; Goumballa et al., 2022; Zumla et al., 2022; Petersen et al., 2022; Al-Ansari et al., 2021). All mass gathering religious events involve large numbers of pilgrims living and interacting together performing religious rites in crowded conditions, exposing themselves and the local population to various bacterial and viral infections. Every year the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) hosts the Hajj pilgrimage, one of the largest religious mass gatherings held on an annual basis where up to 2 million people from over 180 countries, and one million local pilgrims assemble in the holy cities of Makkah and Madinah (Shafi et al., 2016; Memish et al., 2019). The Kumbh Mela is held every four years and is the largest religious mass gatherings in the world attracting over 120 million pilgrims (Aggrawal et al., 2020). The nature and degree of threats to global and host country health security of each individual religious mass gathering varies and depends on the number of pilgrims, the frequency of religious events and proportion of local versus international pilgrims, countries of origin and pre-event public health preparations. The latter includes adherence to the latest recommended WHO health risk assessments for mass gathering events, host country travel advice including immunisations, available healthcare facilities and services provided to pilgrims.

Item Type:	Article
Subjects:	Insect Molecular Biology
Depositing User:	Mr. Rameshwar Nema
Date Deposited:	20 Oct 2022 11:12
Last Modified:	20 Oct 2022 11:12
URI:	http://nccs.sciencecentral.in/id/eprint/1205

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